Marketing Research Case Study Essay - 1092 Words

Marketing Research Case Study: Sperry/MacLennan Architects and Planners Introduction Marketing Research can be designed for many scenarios. It is often referenced in existing companies to understand how clients purchase their product, competition or how to best communicate with the audience. This type of research is also necessary in a successful world-wide expansion as it provides a company with a blue print of how to grow. This paper will examine a global expansion case study and how to perform marketing research in a global economy. Background of Case Study The Sperry/MacLennan Architects and Planners Firm is a successful Canadian architecture company. The firm has been in business since 1988 and is very strategic in making†¦show more content†¦Key Issues When a company desires to expand globally, there are several business decisions to make. The physical expansion can often enough be one of the greatest initial challenges, but then it is followed by cultural adjustments, new laws and borders. In the case study of the Sperry/MacLennan Architecture firm, the company’s desire to globally expand could present problems to implement as by not considering other key markets. The architecture firm is focused on growth and desires to design two sports facilities per year post expansion. Often when companies are in a major expansion time, they may not take the necessary steps to fully research all options. The Sperry/MacLennan Firm is no exception to this. The company desires to jump on what seems to be a great opportunity, however, may not be investing in the necessary resources to research it properly. Other markets that should be up for consideration are parts of Europe or other areas within the United States (McDaniel, Jr, 2007). The United States is one of the largest economies in the world. When the country thrives, there is great opportunity and when the country is pained with recession the entire world feels it. A potential challenge in expanding into the United States would be finding opportunities to build. The company has chosen to focus on sports facilities, and within the new target market they see greatShow MoreRelatedCase Study Demographics are very important part in marketing a brand or tournament research.900 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study Demographics are very important part in marketing a brand or tournament research. Demographics involve the study of populations, they represent the influence that these populations have on the market. Understanding and knowing the demographics of the sport of tennis in a particular region, will assist in shaping the marketing plan. Identifying relevant demographics can help James Green in marketing a plan to attract spectators and keep them coming back. Improving and sustaining the popularityRead MoreCase Study Of Ted Ralley, The Director Of Marketing Research For An Auto Spare Parts Company1680 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary The focus of Ted Ralley, the Director of marketing research for an auto spare parts company is to calculate future sales for the upcoming business year. His task is to provide the highest levels of forecasting accuracy. To accomplish this, he utilized historic sales data from four years prior, and the most available forecasting method, time series to conduct several forecasts. He was however still apprehensive about results he garnered using the time series method. He is of theRead MoreUnit 1 Case Study1731 Words   |  7 PagesHit for Marketing Research? Unit 1 – Case Study – American Idol: A Big Hit for Marketing Research? Comprehensive Critical Thinking Kinjal Mistry California Intercontinental University Dated: 10th July15 Author Note Kinjal R Mistry, California Intercontinental University Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kinjal R Mistry, 1913 Key St, Maumee OH-43537 Contact Email – kinjalm17@gmail.com Contact Phone – 631-394-7810 Page |2 American Idol: A Big Hit for Marketing ResearchRead MoreAmerican Idol Case632 Words   |  3 PagesCase 2.1 American Idol: A Big Hit for Marketing Research? 1. What steps of the six-step marketing research process are evident in this case? According to Case 2.1. The steps are: a) Problem Definition.- The definition of the problem presented when Marcello amp; Litzenberger analyze that professionals resistance to pursing marketing research. b) Only Mentioned Development of an Approach to the Problem.- This step occurs when they identify the information that they needed to makeRead MoreAmerican Idol Case Study616 Words   |  3 PagesCase Analysis Week 1 American Idol Case Mostafa Morshedi MKT 645 Qualitative Research in Customer Behavior California Intercontinental University Date: 11/18/2012 American Idol Case To perform a prefect marketing research, it is needed to identify and define the marketing research problem accurately and then develop a proper approach. The American Idol case is a challenging management decision and marketing research problem case, focusing on reasons why to conduct a study on the viewersRead MoreEssay on Marketing and Case Study1222 Words   |  5 Pagesaccompanying case study which gives background information about the organisation. You should then answer the following questions, relating your responses to the case study where appropriate. 1. Identify three key characteristics of the marketing concept. 2. Explain Britvic’s micro and macro environment. 3. Explain why market research and the information gathered are important to an organisation like Britvic. 4. Explain how Britvic might collect and use market research informationRead MoreBusiness Research Analysis: Determining the Best Positioning Strategy for Akron Childrens Hospital667 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Tiffin University Case Study 2.3: Kid Stuff? Determining the  Best Positioning Strategy for Akron Childrens Hospital Submitted for MKT 611 Business Research Analysis Professor Lance Mowrey By: Lauren M. Middleton November 2nd, 2014 1. Akron Children’s Hospital Marketing Director Aaron Powell felt it was important to conduct this study because Akron Childrens Hospitals marketing director Aaron Powell thought that it was importantRead MoreGuerrilla Marketing : A Startup s Phenomenon1175 Words   |  5 PagesUSW, Atrium University of South Wales Guerrilla Marketing: A startup’s phenomenon Kyle Sowden 14023601 BA(Hons) Advertising Design G107728 - Critical Paper Introduction One reason many startups fail is poor marketing. Due to minimal finances, startups are restricted from using a lot of traditional marketing methods that are often associated with high costs. An alternative strategy that does not require expensive financial resources and can help a company shine through the countlessRead MoreMarketing Strategy Concepts, Methodology, And Theory1350 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated literatures about marketing strategy concepts, methodology, and theory, are reviewed. These concepts, theory and methodology are the foundations of research design of this work. 2.1 Marketing strategy The material world is objective while the people’s psychologies are very subjective. The same concepts from different people may mean different implications. The concepts of strategy tend to be used in many scenarios and embody different meanings. The marketing strategy also has its specificRead MoreNike Markeing1333 Words   |  6 PagesProgramme: Business Management Module 1: Marketing Assignment [pic] Date for Submission: 15th September 2010 To achieve a pass in this unit the learner must: LO1: Investigate the concept and process of marketing LO2: Explore the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning LO3: Identify and analyse the individual elements of the extended marketing mix LO4: Apply the extended marketing mix to different marketing segments and contexts Context The

Definition and Examples of Decorum in Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, decorum is the use of a style that is appropriate to a subject, situation, speaker, and audience. According to Ciceros discussion of decorum in De Oratore (see below), the grand and important theme should be treated in a dignified and noble style, the humble or trivial theme in a less exalted manner. Examples and Observations Decorum is not simply found everywhere; it is the quality whereby speech and thought, wisdom and performance, art and morality, assertion and deference, and many other elements of action intersect. The concept underwrites Ciceros alignment of the plain, middle, and elevated oratorical styles with the three main functions of informing, pleasing, and motivating an audience, which in turn extends rhetorical theory across a wide range of human affairs.  (Robert Hariman, Decorum. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 2001) Aristotle on Aptness of Language Your language will be appropriate if it expresses emotion and character, and if it corresponds to its subject. Correspondence to subject means that we must neither speak casually about weighty matters, nor solemnly about trivial ones; nor must we add ornamental epithets to commonplace nouns, or the effect will be comic... To express emotion, you will employ the language of anger in speaking of outrage; the language of disgust and discreet reluctance to utter a word when speaking of impiety or foulness; the language of exultation for a tale of glory, and that of humiliation for a tale of pity and so on in all other cases.This aptness of language is one thing that makes people believe in the truth of your story: their minds draw the false conclusion that you are to be trusted from the fact that others behave as you do when things are as you describe them; and therefore they take your story to be true, whether it is so or not.(Aristotle, Rhetoric) Cicero on Decorum For the same style and the same thoughts must not be used in portraying every condition in life, or every rank, position, or age, and in fact a similar distinction must be made in respect to place, time, and audience. The universal rule, in oratory as in life, is to consider propriety. This depends on the subject under discussion and the character of both the speaker and the audience...This, indeed, is the form of wisdom that the orator must especially employ--to adapt himself to occasions and persons. In my opinion, one must not speak in the same style at all times, nor before all people, nor against all opponents, not in defence of all clients, not in partnership with all advocates. He, therefore, will be eloquent who can adapt his speech to fit all conceivable circumstances.(Cicero, De Oratore) Augustinian Decorum In opposition to Cicero, whose ideal was to discuss commonplace matters simply, lofty subjects impressively, and topics ranging between in a tempered style, Saint Augustine defends the manner of the Christian gospels, which sometimes treat the smallest or most trivial matters in an urgent, demanding high style. Erich Auerbach [in Mimesis, 1946] sees in Augustines emphasis the invention of a new kind of decorum opposed to that of the classical theorists, one oriented by its lofty rhetorical purpose rather than its low or common subject matter. It is only the aim of the Christian speaker--to teach, admonish, lament--that can tell him what sort of style to employ. According to Auerbach, this admission of the most humble aspects of daily life into the precincts of Christian moral instruction has a momentous effect on literary style, generating what we now call realism.  (David Mikics, A New Handbook of Literary Terms. Yale University Press, 2007) Decorum in Elizabethan Prose From Quintilian and his English exponents (plus, it must not be forgotten, their inheritance of normal speech patterns) the Elizabethans at the end of the [16th] century learned one of their major prose styles. [Thomas] Wilson had preached the Renaissance doctrine of ​decorum: the prose must fit the subject and the level at which it is written. Words and sentence pattern must be apt and agreeable. These may vary from the condensed native maxim like Enough is as good as a feast (he recommends Heywoods proverbs which had recently appeared in print) to the elaborate or exonerated sentences adorned with all the colours of rhetoric. Exoneration opened the way--and Wilson provided full examples--for new sentence structures with egall members (the balanced antithetical sentence), gradation and progression (the paratactic cumulation of short main clauses leading to a climax), contrarietie (antithesis of opposites, as in To his friend he is churlish, to his foe he is gentle), the serie s of sentences with like endings or with repetition (like opening words), plus the verbal metaphors, the longer similitudes, and the whole gallery of tropes, schemes, and figures of speech of the last few decades of the 16th century.  (Ian A. Gordon, The Movement of English Prose. Indiana University Press, 1966)

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay - 1276 Words

Charles Dickens Great Expectations In the extract where Pip, a boy from a very humble background meets Miss Havisham, a rich but eccentric lady, Dickens wants the reader to feel sympathetic towards Pip. How does he make us feel this way? Great Expectations was one of the most successful novels ever written by Dickens. The novel focuses on the life of Pip, a boy from a humble background. The novel also focuses a lot on Miss Havisham, a rich but eccentric lady which Pip meets early on when he is a boy, but gradually as he grows up, assumes that she has helped him become wealthy. This may not be the case. Dickens has written this novel in first person of Pip so the reader can hear the story†¦show more content†¦When Pip goes to Miss Havishams, he sees the gates, and does not know what to do. He describes the gates and the setting around him from a young boys point of view. It all seems big and scary around him, and he is worried. Pip has a large shock when he meets Miss Havisham. She is an old lady, who doesnt seem the type to play. He is instantly taken-aback when he meets her, as she is in an elegant gown, and she is in a large dining room with rats and mice all over the tables with half-eaten food on it. It looks as if it has been left on a certain day, and has not been changed since. The clocks are all set at twenty past nine, and they do not move. She also seems to have no idea of the days of the week, as we will find out later. He also notices that Miss Havisham puts everything back in exactly the same place from which it came. He instantly knows that this lady is strange, and that something is abnormal is going on in the house. He is now scared of Miss Havisham because of this strange behaviour and he wants to leave. He finds Miss Havisham intimidating. Soon after we have been introduced to Miss Havisham, she reveals to Pip that she has had her heart broken. The reader feels very sorry for Pip in this next extract because we find out thatShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Tok Advantages and Disadvantages of Sense Perception as a...

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Sense Perception as a Way of Knowing? What is Sense Perception? Sense Perception is our primary Way of Knowing. It includes all our 5 senses- sight, smell, touch and taste. It is the reason we are what we are today as the human race, the most advanced species on this Earth. It is our basic point of entry into this world. For example, as a child we see people walk and the way they walk and without reasoning it out we learn how to walk, or sitting on a chair, we don’t ask why he or she is sitting on the chair we just know that a chair is meant to be sat on. This is why I say it is our ‘primary’ Way of Knowing, and then comes reason, emotion and language. Even though there are several advantages†¦show more content†¦Therefore, how reliable is Sense Perception on its own? Not very. In fact it can be deceiving on its own. Sense Perception is a very superficial Way of Knowing. And ipso facto it can lead us to many truths but all very superficial in nature. For example, when we see a table a dog, we know it’s a dog because we’ve taught about it or read it in books when we were a child; the truth is it’s just a dog. Now take for example a sick dog, Sense Perception alone cannot lead us to the fact that it is sick, we see certain symptoms which can tell us if it is sick or not, for example if it is lying in a certain way we reason it out as to why it is lying in that particular way, is it normal or abnormal? Therefore the truth that Sense Perception alone could tell us was just the superficial truth. Sense Perception is often intercepted by our other Ways of Knowing – Reason, Emotion and Language. We watched a video in class about eye-witnesses and how they detect the culprit among all the suspects. This was a very fascinating video about a woman who was raped by an African-American and while she was being raped she managed to get a very good look at the persons face. After surviving the horrendous crime, after a while she was called in to look at a series of pictures of suspects, she identified a picture as the culprit. Then later sheShow MoreRelatedTok Essay: Ways of Knowing826 Words   |  4 PagesTok Essay Ways Of Knowing Using one way of knowing is not enough if you want to determine if something is true or if something is believed to be true. The different ways of knowing are sense perception, reasoning, emotion and memory. Plato once stated that knowledge is â€Å"Justified true belief† which just goes to show that in order to obtain knowledge, we need to know certain thing as a fact, not belief. When we believe something is true, we do not know it for certain. We just have faith inRead MoreHow Can the Different Ways of Knowing Help Us to Distinguish Between Something That Is True and Something That Is Believed to Be True?1871 Words   |  8 PagesTOK ESSAY 4. How can the different ways of knowing help us to distinguish between something that is true and something that is believed to be true? In order to distinguish between what is true and what we simply believe to be true we will first have to define what truth and belief is and how these two terms differ from each other. This paper will then seek to determine how the four different ways of knowing – perception, language, emotions and reason – can help us distinguish between truthRead MoreEssay Limitations to Our Common Ways of Knowledge1219 Words   |  5 Pagesconventional ways of knowing: emotion, perception, reason, and language. From traditional definitions, we know tools are things used to shape, form, or finish. The above quote by Abraham Maslow can be applied to the pursuit of knowledge. In the TOK context, we can make interesting discussion about the limitations of our ways of knowledge, and the advantages and disadvantages we might face by using a select combination of them. As discussed above, over-reliance on a single way of knowing can almost

Holden Caulfield Literary Psychoanalysis Free Essays

Holden uses dissociation as a defensive mechanisms, to avoid his self-inflicted emotional distress, by separating his own feelings to suit that of a situation. For example, when Holden learns that Stradlater will be going on a date with Jane Gallagher, he represses his obvious feelings for her and, simply tells Stradlater to â€Å"give her my regards†, saying that he is â€Å"not in the moos right now† (Salinger 42-43). Though he is encouraged to do down and greet Jane, he blatantly ignores it and instead continues to only talk about Jane and his what he can remember about her. We will write a custom essay sample on Holden Caulfield Literary Psychoanalysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is an example of how Holden repressed his own emotions and did contrary to what he wanted to do. While Holden is out all night, drinking, dancing, and clubbing, he meets Lillian Simmons and dances with her, they are both uninterested and pay no attention to one another, and he realizes that â€Å"she wasn’t listening though. So [he] ignored her† (93). Holden seems to have cast his antisocial and misanthropic nature aside as he pretends to be interested in things that he clearly dislikes. Holden seems to see himself as a suave popular playboy, but he hints at the loneliness that he is truly feeling, and his desperate want for company when he tries to nonchalantly pass off that he â€Å"tried to get them to stick around for a while but they wouldn’t† (98). He seems unwilling to admit his great yearn to be with other people. As he indifferently describes all the times that his offers were rejected. Holden’s control over his own true emotions conflicts with the actions and words that he expresses. How to cite Holden Caulfield Literary Psychoanalysis, Papers

The motet Essay Example For Students

The motet Essay The genesis of the motet is, like the biblical birth of Eve, a matter of appendage. In the case of Eve, a rib was removed from Adam and fashioned into a women; the motet was a rib added to pre-existing clausulae. James C. Thomson describes this development as follows: In the thirteenth century, perhaps sooner, it became the practice to add a new text to the upper voice of a clausula. The newly worded, was then called motetus. (Thomson, 56) Despite its somewhat haphazard birth, the form was widely accepted. Grout describes its popularity as: Thousands of motets were written in the thirteenth century; the style spread from Paris throughout France and to all parts of western Europe. (Grout, 99)Originality was not a hallmark of the thirteenth century motet. In fact, of the two essential characteristics of the motet, one was that it was constructed on a cantus firmus, some pre-existent melody (Thomson, 57) The other was that it had at least two different texts. As Grout points out, the st ock of motet melodies, both tenors and upper parts, lay in the public domain; composers and performers freely helped themselves to the music of their predecessors without acknowledgment and altered it without notice. (Grout, 99)A unique characteristic of the motet of this period is the mixing of melodies and rhythms. Alfred Einstein described this technique as: This may be called polymelody, the compulsory combination of the two or more distinct melodies with different rhythms (Einstein, 26) With the acceptance of such combinations came the development of stranger mixtures. Side by side with a sacred liturgical text appeared secular texts of sometimes outrageous contrast. The mixture of sacred and secular text was a result of the fact that less and less notice was taken of the connection between the texts of the tenor and duplum. Einstein theorized this development was arbitrary, however most belief the music is premised on an, internal perception (Bukofzer, 28) and to the musician, to them a detail was a value in itself. (Mathiassen, 70)The motet blended the different planes of music. An additional development in the technique of mixing and adding is that not only was it polyphonic, polyrythmic, and polytextual, but music was now polyglot: one or more vernacular (French) texts might be substituted for Latin ones. (Thomson, 57)During this time, composers of the Notre Dame School concerned themselves with the development of clausulae in rhythmically identical patterns. (Harman, 53) Harman writes: This was not only the culmination of the Notre Dame preoccupation with rhythm, but was also a very important innovation, because it eventually developed into the chief structural device of the fourteenth century motet. (Harman, 53) The structural device alluded to above, goes under name of isorhythm, (same rhythm). At first, this concept of single rhythm was applied solely to the tenor part, but gradually the principle was applied to the other parts. Creating a greater unity and sense of whole to the listener. Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361) was a master of the isorythmic motet. (Thomson, 59) It was he who pioneered the application of the principle to the other parts. He and Guillaume de Machaut (c.1300-c.1377), whose claim that the ear should be used to check a completed composition was the first indication that the combination of the given melodies was beginning to yield to a freer, more individual attitude towards creative art. (Einstein, 34) Machaut was the most prominent practitioner of the strophic motet and preferred the use of French text. (Saide, 625) The fourteenth century also witnessed a change in attitude toward text. The polytextual thirteenth-century motet was replaced by the fourteenth-century forms, which typically had a single text, treated either as a solo (the French ballad) or distributed between the voices in such a way as to keep the words always clearly understandable. (Grout, 157)The development of the motet from the thirte enth to the fifteenth centuries can be characterized as a gradual turning away from the abstract, nonsensuous principles of construction toward pleasure of sounds for their own sake, and toward a clarity of structure immediately apparent from the music itself, without reference to esoteric meanings. (Grout, 157) Many of the motets written during the fourteenth century were constructed in a fashion that has come to be called isoperiodic. In these the phrases were normally kept at the same length but were laid out so as to produce overlaps between the various voices. (Saide, 625) Up until the fifteenth century, the principle of cantus firmus, or pre-existent melody use, was rigidly adhered to. Problems In Intercultural Communication EssayTomas Luis de Victoria, a contemporary of Palestrina, was a more subjective composer of the motet. Though his style is like that of Palestrina, Victoria infuses his music with a mystical intensity, a quality which makes it both thoroughly personal and typically Spanish.(Grout, 273)Orlando di Lasso, another great contemporary of Palestrina, composed in a deeply personal tone. In his motets both the over-all form and the details are generated from a pictorial, dramatic approach to the text.(Grout, 274) Lassos In Hora Ultima demonstrates this approach in the abrupt musical depictions of those worldly vanities(Grout, 274)William Byrd, an English contemporary of Palestrina, is noted for his perfection of the imitative techniques of the Continent and, in contrast to Palestrina, his more intimate, subjective language.(Grout, 276)With the end of the sixteenth century, music history ushers in the baroque period. The three hundred year development of the all important motet has laid the foundation of music for the great composers which would follow. The motet is called one of the most important music styles in history and its contributions have been limitless to our music history. Bukofzer, Manfred F., Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Music, W.W. Norton Co. Inc., New York, NY. 1950. Einstein, Alfred., A Short History of Music, Vintage Books, New York, NY. 1954. Grout, Donald J., A History of Western Music, W.W. Norton Co. Inc., New York, NY. 1973. Harman, Alec, Man and His Music, Part One: Medieval and Early Renaissance Music, Schocken Books, New York, NY. 1972. Mathiassen, Finn, The Style of the Early Motet, Dan Fog Musikforlag, Copenhagen, Denmark 1966. Saide, Stanley, The New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. 12, Macmillan Publishing Ltd., London, England 1980. Thomson, James C., Music Through the Renaissance, Wm. C. Brown Co. Dubuque, Iowa 1968.Bibliography:

Forecasting free essay sample

The purpose of the project is to determine the most suitable technique to generate the forecast of cocoa production. The models understudied are based on Univariate Modelling Techniques i. e. Naive with Trend Model, Average Change Model, Average Percent Change Model, Single Exponential Smoothing, Double Exponential Smoothing and ARESS method. These models are normally used to determine the short-term forecasts (one month ahead) by analyzing the pattern such as monthly cocoa production. The performances of the models are validated by retaining a portion of the monthly observations as holdout samples. The selection of the most suitable model was indicated by the smallest value of mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Based on the analysis, ARRES Method Model is the most suitable model for forecasting monthly cocoa production. Keywords: Univariate Modelling Techniques; Forecast Model; Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Percentage We refer very frequently to future events in our daily lives, we look forward, we have the foresight to do something, we are able to foretell, we foresee an event and we say that something is forthcoming. We will write a custom essay sample on Forecasting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Forecasting can be defined as the science and the art to predict a future event with some degree of accuracy. There are two types of forecast which are event forecast and time series forecast. The future occurrence of an outcome and the timing of such an occurrence are referring to an event forecast. The use of time series information in the prediction of the variable interest is the term of time series forecast. In a time series data set, the information is arranged according to time. Univariate Modelling Techniques are methods for analyzing data on a single variable at a time. Examples of Univariate Modelling Techniques are the Naive Models, Methods of Average, the Exponential Smoothing Techniques and the Box-Jenkins Methodology. Both Double Exponential Smoothing and Holts Method illustrated in this study are classified in the Exponential Smoothing Techniques. Other models available in this same category are Single Exponential Smoothing, Adaptive Response Rate Exponential Smoothing (ARRES), Holts Method and Holt- Winters Trend Seasonality. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to choose the most suitable model to forecast the cocoa production. The output of the study will serve as a guide in selecting a model for future forecasting or projection of cocoa production. Forecasting on cocoa production can make the supplier easy to understand the demand of cocoa. Cocoa serves as an important crop around the world: a cash crop for growing countries and a key import for processing and consuming countries. Cocoa travels along a global supply chain crossing countries and continents The complex production process involves numerous parties including, farmers, buyers, shipping organizations, processors, chocolates, and distributers. Cultivation of cocoa at the farm level is a delicate process as crops are susceptible to various conditions including weather patterns, diseases, and insects. Unlike larger, industrialized agribusinesses, the vast majority of cocoa still comes from small, family-run farms, who often confront outdated farming practices and limited organizational leverage. A steady demand from worldwide consumers draws numerous global efforts and funds committed to support and improve cocoa farm sustainability. The major producing countries which is in Africa: Cotedlvoire (40% global), Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon. In Asia and Oceania: Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. In Americas: Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia. In Africa and Asia, a typical farm covers 2 to 5 hectares (4. 9 -12. 3 acres). Small cocoa farms provide more than 90% of world cocoa production. Short-range forecasts of cocoa production are important for the formulation of policy by private concerns in the cocoa trade, by governments and public agencies of cocoa exporting countries, and by the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). In spite of very large stocks of cocoa held in exporting countries, and notwithstanding the International Cocoa Agreement, prices of cocoa in recent years have responded significantly to major year-to-year changes in production. This response was demonstrated late in 1963 when prices rose sharply with anticipations (later realized) of a record low Brazilian crop for 1964. Again in late 1969 prices rose sharply in response to reports of frost affecting the 1970 Brazilian crop. Executive committee in London illustrates the main changes in production between 2002/2003 and 2011/2012, using a three year moving average to smooth out the effect of weather related aberrations. During this period, world production increased by 3. % per annum. Africas production expanded at an average annual rate of 3. 7% and its share of world production rose. METHODOLOGY In case study, data cocoa productions (tones) were used from year 2003 until 2011 and the data for cocoa production are in monthly. Based on data, the researcher used excels to fit the 6 model. The 6 model is Naive with Trend Model, Simple Exponential Smoothing Model, Double Exponential Smoothing Model, Average Change Model, Average Percent Change Model and ARESS method. For the each model, the initial value had been identified, mean square error (MSE) and mean bsolute percentage error (MAPE). For Simple exponential, double exponential smoothing model and ARRES method, the researcher used try and error method to find the best value of alpha and beta to get the smallest error for the model. From the output, the researcher compared the value of MSE and MAPE for each model to determine which model can be used to forecast the cocoa production. The best model has the smallest value of MSE and MAPE. When developing forecast model, the researcher divide the data set into two parts The tirst part is fitting and t second part is hold-out. Finally the researcher presents all MSE and MAPE in summary table and makes the conclusion the best model that can be used to forecast the cocoa production. There are six models that had been used to find the best model to forecast the production cocoa: i. Naive Model With Trend Naive model is modified to take this characteristic into account. The application of this model is fairly common among organizations. One reason for its popularity is that it can be used even with fairly short time series. Thus overcoming the common problem in most organizations where insufficient data would prohibit the application f sophisticated modeling techniques. Ft+l † Where Ft+l = is the I-step-ahead forecast at period i made in period t for 1=1, 2, 3 = is the actual observation at the time t. it. Average Change Model The average change model is based on the premise that the forecast value is equal to the actual value in the current period plus the average of the absolute changes experienced up to that point in time. This model is useful when the historical data being analyzed are characterized by period-to-period changes that are approximately of the same size. However, this model tends to lag behind turning points and that all periods are weighted equally, irrespective of their importance, when deriving the forecast values.